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10 June 2020, Volume 35 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Inner Elixir Practice in Wupian Lingwen zhu by Wang Chongyang Xiao Dengfu 2020(1): 1-14.  Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (10521KB) ( 367 )   Wang Chongyang was born in the late imperial Bei Song period, lived in Shaanxi. The second master of quanzhen Daoism Shi Tai was also Shaanxinese., According to these geographical relations, it can be said that Zhang Boduan's Wuzhen pian(悟真篇)and his idea of the Synthesis of the Three Teachings should have a profound impact on Wang Chongyang's inner elixir practice. However, Wang Chongyang and his disciples qizhen(七真)deliberately avoided Zhang Boduan when referring to the original of quanzhen pai(全真教), and perhaps it is to reserve the space where beizong(北宗)and nanzong(南宗)dispute. The inner elixir practice of Wang Chongyang was to divide the jing, qi, and shen into the innate and acquired aspects, with the innate one as zhen yang(真陽), as the external medicine, used to incarnate the zhen yin(真陰)and internal medicine made by the Jingqi God in the incarnation, so as to become a chunyang ti(純陽體)(pure yang body). On the theory of Synthesis of the Three Teachings, Zhang Boduan cultivated spiritual nature through Buddhism, but for the inner elixir practicing, he used Daoist methods. Compared to Zhang Boduan, Wang Chongyang combined the two religions, and focus on Daoism among the Three Teachings, and his thought was represented by Wupian lingwen zhu(五篇靈文注). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Exploration of the Thought “Highest Excellence as Water” Zhan Shichuang 2020(1): 15-26.  Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (7662KB) ( 78 )   “Highest excellence as water” is one of the most profound propositions of the Tao Te Ching, written by Lao Zi. To understand this proposition, we can start with “friendship” which is a combination of “friend” and “goodness”. Based on the concepts of sincerity and personal loyalty, it also gets some connotations like intimacy, amity, treating and helping each other, and become a basic social morality. “Highest excellence as water” is the improvement in thinking of the ethical spirit of “friendship”. Seen originally, the concept of “Highest excellence as water” can date back to the traditional thinking, reflected in the ancient book named Luo Shu. In this book, north the direction symbolizes water and one the number, indicating a spirit of “imitating the law of nature”. Since the Han dynasty, Taoism uses Lao Zi's philosophy of “Highest excellence as water” to guide self-cultivation. This undoubtedly contributes to physical and mental health and longevity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Publication and Influence of Origins and Development of the Daoist Teachings of Changchun Chu Guofeng 2020(1): 27-45.  Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (14293KB) ( 167 )   Chen Minggui's “ Origins and Development of the Daoist Teachings of Changchun” is regarded as the beginning of the study of modern Daoist history in China, and has an important position in academic history. However, the academic community lacks an in-depth examination of its publishing and research process. This article will focus on the version, circulation, and research status of “ Origins and Development of the Daoist Teachings of Changchun ”, reexamine the value of the book in the environment of today's Daoist research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of Ming Edition Jinling Xuanguanzhi He Yanran 2020(1): 46-57.  Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (9303KB) ( 58 )   “Jinling Xuanguanzhi” is the gazetteer of Daoist Temples of Nanjing composed by Ge Yinliang, an official in the Ritual department during the wanly era. This material is of great significance for studying the local Taoist history since it recorded almost all aspects of the Daoist temples in Nanjing of the Ming dynasty. However, “Jinling Xuanguanzhi” has long been ignored compared to Ge Yinliang's another gazetteer of Nanjing Buddhist temples “Jinling Fanchazhi”, which was popular and reprinted frequently. The limitation of the reserved versions of “Jinling Xuanguanzhi” is partially due to the strong Buddhist tradition in Nanjing, and somehow reflected the attitude toward Taoism of the literati and book collectors mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Study of the editions of “Jinling Xuanguanzhi” thus would have a certain inspiration for understanding the development of urban Daoism of the late imperial period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Shangqing Yuantong Jingmu Zhuxu Guo Jiaxing 2020(1): 58-71.  Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (9688KB) ( 82 )   In the research of the early Shangqing jing(上清經)(Supreme Clarity Scriptures), Shangqing yuantong jingmu zhuxu(《上清源統經目注序》)is a very valuable literature. Comparing with Tao Hongjing's Zhengao(《真誥》), Shangqing yuantong jingmu zhuxu has given a different interpretation on the concept “Shangqing jing” . This article aims to demonstrate：(1) the author of Shangqing yuantong jingmu zhuxu should be Lu Xiujing; (2) Shangqing yuantong jingmu zhuxu provided a widespread and traditional interpretation on “Shangqing jing”, which is recognized as a part of Sandong jing(三洞經)(Three Carves Scriptures); on the contrary, Zhengao's interpretation to “Shangqing jing” has never been really accepted among the majority of Daoist groups; (3) the difference between Lu and Tao's interpretation is related to their different understandings of how to become immortals and the functions of Daoist rituals. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the "Heresy" View in Linxiyi's "Sanzi"——Hermeneutics Perspective Zheng Tianxi 2020(1): 72-87.  Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (10089KB) ( 53 )   The Southern Song Dynasty scholar Lin Xiyi(1193 -- 1271) publicly commented on the books of heresy such as Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Liezi(collectively referred to as the sanzi), and the opening of the three religions reached an unprecedented scale..The "pre-understanding" emphasized by Qiedamoer is very effective in exploring the "heresy" view of Linxiyi's sanzi. He proposed that the science scientist misunderstood the sanzi because of the "pre-understanding" of the "Confucian orthodoxy," but he himself also had a "pre-understanding" of the "three religions" and used it as a "positive name" for the sanzi heresy. The main interpretation strategies include: For the same words that appear in the text of the sanzi and the Confucianism, the "meaning of the word and the difference in the language" are proposed, and the interpretation strategy of the sanzi is understood in the sanzi; The text facts of the Confucian saints in the sanzi are widely used, and the writing characteristics of the "excessive" of the sanzi are pointed out and the "eyes" are required to know their "true meaning"; For the sanzi (including Buddhism), which is often criticized by the scientists, they do not study and abandon the world. They find specific evidence from the text to prove that the sanzi (including Buddhism) is the same as Confucianism. As for the sanzi can not really communicate with the Confucianism, Lin Xiyi said that it is necessary to understand the meaning of such words. Through Lin Xiyi, we can further understand the overall trend of the three thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in the Southern Song Dynasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Interpretation Orientation and Specific Practice of Guo Xiang's Zhiyan Theory Jiang Yuqi 2020(1): 88-97.  Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (6551KB) ( 204 )   This thesis mainly analyzes and interprets Guo Xiang's zhiyan(卮言)theory by questioning and analysisingZhuangzi zhu(莊子注). Generally speaking, scholars explored the interpretation method of Guo Xiang's philosophy from the perspective of jiyan chuyi(寄言出意)and bianming xili(辨名析理).This article focus on the original zhiyan theory of Zhuangzi(莊子). Guo Xiang's theoretical basis of “physicality” involved in his interpretation of zhiyan and the benchmark of “naturalness”, and the specific relationship between “conceptual metaphor” and “training the mind and body”. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comparison of the View of Life and Death between Zhuangzi and Buddhism Ma Xiaozheng 2020(1): 98-111.  Abstract ( 123 )   PDF (9518KB) ( 129 )   To answer the questions of life and death, Zhuangzi and the Buddha responded by precious knowledge. This comparison of the thought of life and death involves many aspects, and the most fundamental issues are intermittent life and death, the existence of a constant subject, the transcendence and the ethical value of life and death. Zhuang Zi and Buddhism believe that death is not the end, and there is no constant subject. There is a similarity in the understanding of intermittent life and death and the existence of immutable subjects; Zhuang Zi did not have a clear and systematic explanation, which meant that the two had differences in transcending paths and ethical values. In comparison, Buddhism, with the idea of "get rid of life and death" has prosperous thoughts about life and death, which can make up for the shortcomings of Zhuang Zi's theory. By comparing those two theories, we can not only see the development of the theory of life and death in China, but also the necessity of the doctrine of Buddhism spreading. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Evolution of Luyi County and Its “Taiqing Palace” Zhan Shichuang, Gu Zongzheng 2020(1): 112-136.  Abstract ( 45 )   PDF (17592KB) ( 55 )   There have been different opinions on the domicile place and birthplace of Laozi since the Ming Dynasty. According to literature records, the present Luyi County on the south bank of Guo River and the “Taiqing Palace“ which is ten miles to the east of Luyi County, have been regarded as the “Hometown of Laozi“ for hundreds of years, which are conventional though, neither of them reflects the truth. In analyzing the phenomenon, that is not a deliberately false, but an evolutive symbol of “hometown of Laozi” in the change of administrative divisions during the Yuan and Ming dynasties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cultural Dissemination of Huang Daxian under the Belt and Road Perspective Liang Chen, Zhao Peng 2020(1): 137-148.  Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (7819KB) ( 53 )   Huang Daxian(黃大仙)culture is one of the important contents of Chinese Daoist culture, which has gradually formed its characteristics in the long history of dissemination, including from figures to legends, from Daoists to immortals; from local to regional, from domestic to foreign; from civil society to society, from groups to the government; from ideology to the carrier, from faith to culture. The primary principle of Huang Daxian culture is to act benevolently and to teach benevolence. With the widespread of Huang Daxian culture abroad，culture has become a link between overseas Chinese at home and abroad. Under the Belt and Road （一帶一路）, Huang Daxian Culture should expand influence and improve its attraction to contribute to the communication among the countries alongside the silk road. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Astronomy Essentials in the Daoist Alchemy of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties Sun Weijie 2020(1): 149-159.  Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (7745KB) ( 96 )   Dandao丹道(Daoist alchemy) is a model for Daoism to combine traditional astronomy with its religious practice. The Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties are the critical periods for Daoism to transform its cultivation mode from outer alchemy to inner alchemy. The relationship between dandao and traditional astronomy in that period can be manifested in two aspects: for ideology, the emerge of dandao was the result of the immortal theory. Its ultimate pursuit is to coordinate with the rhythm of heaven and earth, to achieve the ideal state of unity between heaven and man, and harmony with Dao; as for the practice aspect, both inner and outer alchemy emphasize the realization of the extension and sublimation of human life through the adaptation and reproduction of the operation mode of the celestial universe. Thus, it can be said that the addition of traditional astronomical and calendar knowledge is one of the theoretical guarantees for the long-lasting development of dandao practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Aesthetic Interpretation of Shijie in the Early Biographies of Daoist Immortals Xiao Dana 2020(1): 160-171.  Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (8488KB) ( 99 )   The early Daoist belief of shijie（尸解） contains a unique perception and pursuit of body and life, which reflects Daoist philosophy of life with subjectivity and transcendence. Based on the early biographies of Daoist immortals, this paper explores and interprets the aesthetic ideology in the phenomenon of shijie from two aspects. First, Daoism shows a very active control aesthetic by shaping the ideal of death and corpse. Second, Daoism understands the world and interprets life through the laws of animal transformation, and creates the aesthetic image and pleasure of daofa ziran(道法自然)(Daoism follows nature) and wuwo heyi(物我合一)(Harmonization of object and ego) . References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Interpretation of Nüdan in Daoism Geng Qiongke 2020(1): 172-185.  Abstract ( 66 )   PDF (10263KB) ( 211 )   This paper analyzes the Nüdan(女丹)(female internal alchemy) in Daoism from the perspectives of consciousness and unconsciousness, Carl Gustav Jung's shadow prototype, personality mask and androgynization, etc.. The women who practice Daoism should have a correct cognition of herself. Internal alchemy for women in Daoism expects the women who practice Daoism should have both female and male qualities. The Daoist Nüdan broadened the female disciples' state of mind and shaped the ideal personality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Preliminary Study on Zheng Guanying's Practice of Fuji Jiang Yanping 2020(1): 186-197.  Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (8992KB) ( 85 )   Zheng Guanying (鄭觀應)was one of the early reformists who advocated learning from the western civilization in modern times. However, he also worshiped Daoism all his life and was keen on fuji(扶乩)(planchette writing) in his old age. Not only as an important means of seeking Daoism and the home of the soul, fuji was also an important practice for charity as salvation and persuasion. This study offers a perspective that Zheng Guanying's practice of fuji reflects his political ambitions and powerlessness. References | Related Articles | Metrics